Do pharmaceuticals bioaccumulate in marine mollusks and fish from a coastal lagoon?

Postprin

A study of the SOURCE-TO-SEA occurrence of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) of emerging concern in Ireland

Perfluorinated compounds are ubiquitous. Approximately 4,700 PFAS have been identified to date. Some examples of these products include carpets, glass, paper, clothing, and other textiles, cookware, food packaging, electronics, and personal care products. PFAS have been used in industrial and consumer products since the 1950s due to their physical and chemical properties. PFAS molecules can include oxygen, hydrogen, sulphur, and/or nitrogen atoms, whereas perfluorocarbon molecules contain only carbon and fluorine atoms. Perfluorinated compounds (PFAS) contain a fully fluorinated hydrophobic linear carbon chain attached to one or more hydrophilic head groups. The carbon-fluorine bond is so strong that these chemicals do not degrade in the environment. They are often referred to as ‘forever chemicals’. Some PFAS have been linked to an increased risk of cancer, high cholesterol, reproductive disorders, hormonal disruption or endocrine disruption, and weakening of the immune system. Currently, two PFAS are restricted under the international Stockholm Convention on POPs and the EU POPs Regulation. PFOS (perfluoroctanesulfonic acid) and its derivatives have been restricted since 2009/2010. PFOA (perfluorooctanoic acid), its salts, and related compounds are also regulated as of 4th July 2020. Over the past decades, global manufacturers have started to substitute long-chain PFAS with shorter-chain PFAS or with non-fluorinated substances. This trend has been driven by the fact that the undesired effects of long-chain PFAS on human health and the environment were assessed and recognised first by scientists and authorities around the globe. However short-chain PFAS are now thought to have similar or other properties of concern such as fluorinated compounds like Gen X and ADONA. The combined effects of PFAS are not widely studied and relatively unknown. There is also little biological assessment currently done for drinking water and especially marine water. These are both research gaps, by using biological assessment one can study the cumulative and combined effect of various PFAS on marine species which is what we aim to do in this stud

Uptake and Metabolism of Human Pharmaceuticals by Fish - A Case Study with the Opioid Analgesic Tramadol.

This document is the unedited Author’s version of a Submitted Work that was subsequently accepted for publication in Environmental science & technology, copyright © American Chemical Society after peer review. To access the final edited and published work see https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b03441Recent species-extrapolation approaches to predict the potential effects of pharmaceuticals present in the environment on wild fish are based on the assumption that pharmacokinetics and metabolism in humans and fish are comparable. To test this hypothesis, we exposed fathead minnows to the opiate pro-drug tramadol and examined uptake from the water into the blood and brain, and metabolism of the drug into its main metabolites. We found that plasma concentrations could be predicted reasonably accurately based on the lipophilicity of the drug, once the pH of the water was taken into account. The concentrations of the drug and its main metabolites were higher in the brain than in the plasma, and the observed brain/plasma concentration ratios were within the range of values reported in mammalian species. This fish species was able to metabolise the pro-drug tramadol into the highly active metabolite O-desmethyl tramadol and the inactive metabolite N-desmethyl tramadol in a similar manner to mammals. However, we found that concentration ratios of O-desmethyl tramadol to tramadol were lower in the fish than values in most humans administered the drug. Our pharmacokinetic data of tramadol in fish help bridge the gap between widely available mammalian pharmacological data and potential effects on aquatic organisms, and highlight the importance of understanding drug uptake and metabolism in fish to enable the full implementation of predictive toxicology approaches.We would like to thank members of the Ecotoxicology Research Group, Brunel University London, particularly J. Walker, N. Brodigan, and A. Ferreira for fish husbandry, and T. Thrupp, E. Lawton, and A. Baynes for fish sampling. The research at Brunel University London was internally funded by the university. This study was also supported by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) to a project on Joint Usage/Research Center– Leading Academia in Marine and Environment Pollution Research (LaMer), and Research Fellowships from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) for Young Scientists in Japan (PD) provided to R. Tanoue (26·2800), Grants in Bid (KAKENHI) for Scientific Research (A) (25257403), Scientific Research (A) (16H01784). This study was also funded by the Sasakawa Scientific Research Grant from The Japan Science Society

Contaminants of emerging concern in freshwater fish from four Spanish Rivers

This study investigated the occurrence of 135 contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) – pharmaceuticals, pesticides, a set of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) (parabens, bisphenols, hormones, triazoles, organophosphorus flame retardants and triclosan), UV-filters, perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) – in 59 fish samples, collected in 2010 in 4 Spanish Rivers (Guadalquivir, Júcar, Ebro and Llobregat). Of the 135 CECs, 76 including 8 pharmaceuticals, 25 pesticides, 10 EDCs, 5 UV-filters, 15 PFASs and 13 HFRs were detected. Pharmaceuticals were the less frequently found and at lower concentrations. Pesticides, EDCs, UV-filters, PFASs and HFRs were detected more frequently (>50% of the samples). The maximum concentrations were 15 ng/g dry weight (dw) for pharmaceuticals (diclofenac), 840 ng/g dw for pesticides (chlorpyrifos), 224 ng/g dw for EDCs (bisphenol A), 242 ng/g dw for UV-filters (EHMC), 1738 ng/g dw for PFASs (PFHxA) and 64 ng/g dw for HFRs (Dec 602). The contaminants detected in fish are commonly detected also in sediments. In light of current knowledge, the risk assessment revealed that there was no risk for humans related to the exposure to CECs via freshwater fish consumption. However, results provide detailed information on the mixtures of CECs accumulated that would be very useful to identify their effects on aquatic biota.This research has been supported by the European Union 7th Framework Programme funding under Grant Agreement No. 603629-ENV-2013-6.2.1-Globaqua, by the Generalitat de Catalunya (Consolidated Research Groups 2017 SGR 1404 - Water and Soil Quality Unit) and by the Generalitat Valenciana (ANTROPOCEN@, PROMETEO/2018/155).Peer reviewe

Guía Mexicana de Práctica Clínica de Inmunoterapia 2011

Existen varias guías internacionales para la práctica clínica de in- munoterapia, que aplican solo parcialmente en México. La primera guía mexicana de inmunoterapia data de 1998

Pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors: accumulation in aquatic biota and environmental effects

Occurrence, fate, and adverse effects of emerging contaminants in the aquatic environment have become a matter of concern, since these compounds have been persistently detected in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents, surface water, seawater and groundwater all over the globe. The incessant release of emerging contaminants into freshwater ecosystems could affect a broad variety of organisms: from bacterial communities to fish, as well as aquatic plants and insect larvae. The present thesis aimed to investigate the potential bioaccumulation and biomagnification of two groups of emerging contaminants − pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors − in aquatic biota, including fish, invertebrates and river biofilm in the natural environment. A second aim of this thesis was to evaluate the impacts of exposure to some of these contaminants in the organisms, and the possible relation between bioaccumulation and toxicological effects.La presència, destí i efectes adversos dels contaminants emergents en el medi aquàtic s’han convertit en un tema de preocupació general ja que, aquests compostos, s’han estat detectant de manera persistent en els efluents de les Estacions Depuradores d’Aigües Residuals (EDAR) així com en aigües superficials, marines i subterrànies de tot el planeta. La constant presència de contaminants emergents en el medi aquàtic continental podria afectar a una gran varietat d’organismes: des de comunitats bacterianes fins a peixos, així com a plantes aquàtiques i larves d’insectes. El primer objectiu d’aquesta tesi doctoral és investigar la potencial bioacumulació i biomagnificació de dos grups de contaminants emergents –fàrmacs i disruptors¬ endocrins– en la biota aquàticaincloent peixos, invertebrats i biofilm. El segon objectiu és avaluar els possibles impactes que l’exposició a aquests contaminants poden tenir en els organismes i establir la possible correlació entre bioacumulació i efectes toxicològics

Assessment of the occurrence and distribution of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the River Liffey, Ireland

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a large family of widely used legacy and emerging contaminants that are pervasive in aquatic habitats globally. These molecules are chemically very stable and are highly resistant to biological degradation; therefore, they belong to a class of compounds that tend to persist in the environment and potentially may present a risk to the health of humans and wildlife. In Ireland, data on the occurrence of these chemicals in freshwater ecosystems is scarce. In order to assess the threat PFAS pose for the environment and public health, this study had the objective of evaluating the occurrence, levels and distribution of fifteen PFAS, both legacy and emerging, in the Liffey river in the city of Dublin. The Liffey flows through agricultural land and into a large urban area, and the sampling points selected contained multiple diffuse and point sources. Analytes were extracted by solid phase extraction (SPE) and determined by liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (LC-QqQ-MS). Target compounds included 8 perfluorocarboxylates (PFCAs) C5–C12, 7 perfluorosulfonates (PFSs) C4–C10 and 1 perfluorosulfonamide (FOSA), C8. The quality parameters for the fifteen selected compounds presented good limits of detection (LOD) ranging, in general, from 0.56–12.6 ng/L. The method was applied to assess the occurrence of PFAS in 80 river water samples over four sampling campaigns, accounting for seasonal variation. Ten out of fifteen compounds were consistently detected in the majority of the samples, at levels that range from 1 to 400 ng/L. The study offers an overview of the correlation between use land and PFAS occurrence in a major city

Development and application of an LC-MS method to the determination of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in drinking, sea and surface water samples

Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a group of synthetic organic surfactants that have become a global concern because of their toxicity and widespread presence in the aquatic environment and organisms globally. In this study, a new analytical method has been developed and validated for the analysis of 15 perfluorinated compounds in different water matrices: river water, drinking water and seawater. Water extraction was performed in anion exchange solid phase extraction cartridges, and extracts were analysed by liquid chromatography in tandem with mass spectrometry. Recoveries for target analytes were between 35 and 120%, depending on the water matrix. Method detection limits were in the range of 0.5–17 ng L-1. The validated method was applied to the determination of perfluorinated compounds in water samples around Ireland. Eight compounds out of fifteen were detected at least in one sample. Measured concentrations were higher in river water than seawater, and drinking water had the lowest levels, although still detectable for a considerable amount of compounds. The most prevalent compounds were PFPeA, PFOA and PFHxA, present in all types of water, and they had the highest concentrations

Determination of a broad spectrum of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disruptors in biofilm from a waste water treatment plant-impacted river

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are one of the main sources of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds in freshwater ecosystems, and several studies have reported bioaccumulation of these compounds in different organisms in those ecosystems. River biofilms are exceptional indicators of pollution, but very few studies have focused on the accumulation of these emerging contaminants. The objectives of this study were first to develop an efficient analytical methodology for the simultaneous analysis of 44 pharmaceuticals and 13 endocrine disrupting compounds in biofilm, and second, to assess persistence, distribution, and bioaccumulation of these contaminants in natural biofilms inhabiting a WWTP-impacted river. The method is based on pressurized liquid extraction, purification by solid-phase extraction, and analysis by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS) in tandem. Recoveries for pharmaceuticals were 31-137%, and for endocrine disruptors 32-93%. Method detection limits for endocrine disruptors were in the range of 0.2-2.4ng g, and for pharmaceuticals, 0.07-6.7ng g. A total of five endocrine disruptors and seven pharmaceuticals were detected in field samples at concentrations up to 100ng g

Diel Patterns of Pheromone Release by Male Sea Lamprey

Synopsis Costs to producing sexual signals can create selective pressures on males to invest signaling effort in particular contexts. When the benefits of signaling vary consistently across time, males can optimize signal investment to specific temporal contexts using biological rhythms. Sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, have a semelparous life history, are primarily nocturnal, and rely on pheromone communication for reproduction; however, whether male investment in pheromone transport and release matches increases in spawning activity remains unknown. By measuring (1) 3keto-petromyzonol sulfate (3kPZS, a main pheromone component) and its biosynthetic precursor PZS in holding water and tissue samples at six points over the course of 24 hours and (2) 3kPZS release over the course of several days, we demonstrate that 3kPZS release exhibits a consistent diel pattern across several days with elevated pheromone release just prior to sunset and at night. Trends in hepatic concentrations and circulatory transport of PZS and 3kPZS were relatively consistent with patterns of 3kPZS release and suggest the possibility of direct upregulation in pheromone transport and release rather than observed release patterns being solely a byproduct of increased behavioral activity. Our results suggest males evolved a signaling strategy that synchronizes elevated pheromone release with nocturnal increases in sea lamprey behavior. This may be imperative to ensure that male signaling effort is not wasted in a species having a single, reproductive event